First, don’t do bondage with a person you don’t know well or trust, and agree on a safe word in advance. “A safe word — any word besides ‘no’ or ‘stop,’ basically — allows the bottom person to be in character if she likes; when it’s time to stop, the safe word takes them out of the fantasy scene and interjects real needs in a clear way,” Queen says. Many locations, most notably the UK, EU, and Canada will charge you Tax and Duty on imported leather goods from Australia.

You can also incorporate the stoplight system (red, yellow and green) to let your partner know what’s good, what you may want to pause and talk about or slow down with and what’s a no-no. This is a great way for feeling out boundaries and comfort levels and keeping communication going. Price – You don’t have to spend an absolute fortune on hogtie restraints. In fact, you’ll be surprised to find out that you can get some for a surprisingly affordable price! You really don’t have to spend a lot of money for some great quality and effective hogtie restraints! This versatile body harness can be tied on any body with simple modifications. Tied here using 50ft of 6mm rope (tied using 4mm this makes great stealth-bondage under clothing). The versatility of rope makes it easy to create a custom-fit strap-on harness on the hips, or anywhere else on the body. Others have suggested that rib fractures could be used as a marker for chest compression asphyxia deaths. 20 Kroll et al. expanded this idea and postulated that a force-generated flail chest could be sufficient enough for death. 21 While previous research focused on velocity-generated flail chest, the authors attempted to develop a model to predict the compression force needed to create flail chest which would be more applicable to a forensic scenario. Using a series of models, the authors predicted that a static force of 2550±250N (260±26kg) would be sufficient to cause a flail chest, which was defined as bilateral fractures of ribs #3–5. In application to the theory of positional asphyxia, it would seem that a significant force would need to be applied to a subject to induce a respiratory compromising flail chest. The model was only based on male subjects in the supine position, although the authors suggested that the prone position may be able to handle even greater weights due to the hinging of the costophrenic angle.

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Marcus’ mother, Mary Smith, said she does not believe police intended to kill her son. They were negligent, treated her son like a throwaway, she said, and should be convicted of manslaughter. The Single Limb Cuff in this video was done in a single 10 foot piece of 8mm. The Basic Chest Harness supports the chest and creates an ideal anchor point. For two years, officials have fought the case vigorously and have denied wrongdoing or a cover-up in court filings and in depositions. They have argued that the restraint was appropriate in light of the safety risk Smith posed to himself or others. It also has been suggested that under situations of high physical exertion, oxygen consumption may exceed ventilatory capacity in some individuals. 27 In another component of their 2007 paper, Michalewicz measured oxygen consumption (VO2) and minute ventilation (Ve) in subjects in the PMRP after a simulated struggle. 18 The values found were less than 42% of the peak values generated during a baseline maximum exertion treadmill test. The study thus concluded that factors other than ventilatory failure likely lead to fatality in restraint incidents. The authors did concede that the simulated struggle was on a voluntary basis in healthy subjects not under the influence of illicit substances but were confident that their increased heart rate reflected adequate exertion from which to draw conclusions. The hobble can be tied in several variations — to the handcuffs, but also to the waist. Experts say the person should immediately be turned on their side, and not left facedown, which is dangerous.

Many positional restraint experiments exclusively include healthy subjects without preexisting health conditions. In 2004, Meredith et al. measured the effects of prone positioning on subjects with a history of COPD. 29 Interestingly, of the eight subjects that were recruited to the study, only five were able to tolerate the prone position. Three subjects could not tolerate the prone position for 10min and were removed from the study due to breathlessness, wheezing, and desaturation, respectively. Of the five that did complete the study, there were no significant changes in FVC or FEV1 noted in the prone position. Despite its small sample size, the study concluded that the response to restraint in COPD patients is highly individual and invited future research into subject.The roughly 18,000 police departments in the U.S. have different policies, procedures and training. Most of the nation’s largest police agencies tend to show awareness that the hogtie is dangerous, but not all ban it.